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美国债务上限挑战全球信用底线

2012年1月13日 19:30| 发布者: admin| 查看数: 51| 评论数: 10|原作者: 国家信息中心预测部,张茉楠|来自: 上海证券报 | 省纸打印

摘要: 为避免债务违约导致对经济的冲击,美国势必再次冲破债务上限。美国在债务增长失去控制的同时,也让美元发行失去了控制,而美国政府遏制财政赤字和债务负担的能力已被严重削弱。这将引发全球范围的美元信用危机。美国 ...

    [摘要] 为避免债务违约导致对经济的冲击,美国势必再次冲破债务上限。http://www.liangjiang.org美国在债务增长失去控制的同时,也让美元发行失去了控制,而美国政府遏制财政赤字和债务负担的能力已被严重削弱。这将引发全球范围的美元信用危机。美国债务水平越高,对中国经济金融的冲击越大。尽快降低美元储备资产,保卫外储的战略安全已刻不容缓。
   
    美国国债大限近在咫尺,美国政府已经站在悬崖上了,但民主、共和两党为了博得各自政治利益而展开的“拉锯战”仍不依不饶。不过,在全球各类观察家的眼中,看似剑拔弩张的驴象之争,其实是一场政治游戏,而对全球债权人而言,则很有可能成为这种政治博弈的牺牲品。
   
    长期以来,滥发钞票和发行庞大的国债是美国经济增长的两大引擎。因此,美元本位制事实上已演变为美国的债务本位制。为了避免债务违约导致对经济的冲击,美国势必再次冲破债务上限,主动挑战全球的信用底线,而这将引发一场全球范围的美元信用危机。
   
    说穿了,美国债务上限其实形同虚设。自1960年以来,债务上限已经上调78次,几乎每8个月就上调一次,2001年以来就已上调了10次,债务上限似乎从未对美国构成真正的威胁。据美国国会一份研究报告说,自奥巴马任职以来,国会已3次提高债务上限,提高总额为2.979万亿美元。如果从2007年算起,债务上限已经提高了6次,总额为5.329万亿美元。如果说,不提高债务上限就意味着美国技术上违约,那么,美国继续提高债务上限则是美国对全世界各国中央银行持有美元储备的真实违约,因为疯狂增长的巨额美国国债,意味着美国在不断挑战全球的信用底线和债权人的忍耐底线。
   
    债务上限不断抬高也推升了美国债务的海平面。2005年1月,前总统布什连任时,国债总量为7.6万亿美元,而五年之后美国的债务就打着滚上升,现在已经翻了一倍,美国债务违约恐怕只是时间问题。
   
    一般而言,衡量一国债务是否违约要考虑两个因素:一个是偿债能力,一个是偿债意愿。从偿债能力角度看,美国债务增长规模远远高于经济增长速度。近十年来,美国政府每年的借款包括债务再融资规模平均超过4万亿美元,这种以新债还旧债的债务模式不断推升了美国的债务依存度。2010年,美国政府的债务依存度逼近40%,远远高于金融危机之前8.7%的平均水平,而由于今年的GDP增长不及去年,美国的债务依存度有可能蹿升至45%以上。
   
    随着美国债务率的升高,国债负担也大幅上升。今年前四个月,美国政府税收总额达到1.31万亿美元,比上一财年前7个月增长9.2%。而与此同时,美国政府前7个月的开支总额为2.18万亿美元,比去年同期增长9%,这其中增长最快的种类就是公众持有的债务利息,前7个月达到1393亿美元,增长13%。这当然严重削弱了美国政府遏制财政赤字和债务负担的能力。
   
    而从偿债意愿来看,白宫和美联储现在关注的是如何转嫁美国的债务风险,如何转嫁国内的经济危机--即所谓的“赖账”。事实上,从美国债务的削减经验看,“债务货币化”曾经屡次将美国从债务危机中拯救出来。二战曾经给美国留下了庞大的债务。1946年,美国的公债达到了GDP的108.6%;到近60年之后的2003年,美国的公债与GDP之比则降至36%。在两代人的时间内,美国削减了相当于GDP的70%以上的公债。如果把降低债务的“名义增长效应”分为 “实际增长效应”和“通胀效应”两部分,则历史数据显示,在1946年至2003年间,美国实际GDP增长平均每年令公债与GDP之比降低1.3个百分点,而通胀的作用为1.6个百分点,大于前者。换言之,在整个“名义增长效应”中,通胀的贡献度为56%。
   
    上世纪80年代中期,美国经济逐步演变为债务依赖型经济体制,政府赤字财政、国民超前消费、银行金融支持就是这种体制的全部内容。1985年,美国从净债权国变为世界上最大的净债务国,结束了自1914年以来作为净债权国长达70年的历史。进入21世纪以来,海外持有的美国债券规模和所占比重逐年增加,债券发行量占世界比重的32%。2003年至2009年期间,美国外债率分别为62.3%、70.4%、75.0%、83.6%、95.4%、95.2%和95.9%,而当前美国14.29万亿的国债已经占到了全球债务余额的24%左右。
   
    这样,美国在债务增长失去控制的同时也让美元发行失去了控制,随着美国债务的膨胀,美元信用的基础严重动摇。国际货币基金组织的COFER数据库中全球外汇储备资产构成显示:美元在国际储备中的地位经历了一个“倒U”型走势,美元资产占外汇储备的比重逐渐下降,从1999年的71%降至2010年的61%,相比之下,欧元资产占外汇储备的比重逐渐上升,从1999年的18%升至2010年的26.3%。
   
    在庞大的债务面前,美国必定要靠不断地放水让美元贬值,从而启动新一轮的债务削减计划(QE3或其他变种),从贬值中获得最大的债务消减收益。代价是,这可能导致更严重的美元信用危机,因为,通过大规模印制发行美元,仅能在一定程度上减缓其债务负担,但由此带来美元信用急剧下降的风险则冲击更大。当前国际金价如此坚挺,正说明全球投资者已对美元主导的全球信用体系极度不信任。
   
    对于手中持有大量美元资产和美元债权的国家而言,透支美元信用以及不断攀升的债务规模意味着债权国利益的大幅受损。中国3.2万亿外储资产如同坐在“火山口”上,美国国债和美元已经失去了长期的稳定性,美国债务水平越高,对中国经济金融的冲击越大。因此,尽快降低美元储备资产,保卫外储的战略安全已刻不容缓。
   
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